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Social learning is an essential component of normal song development for oscine passerines ( Beecher and Brenowitz, 2005). However, differences in vocal performance do not show strong links to cultural inheritance, instead potentially serving as condition dependent signals. These findings suggest that high learning fidelity of song material, i.e., song structure and note characteristics, could allow novel variants to be preserved and accumulate over generations, with implications for evolution and conservation. For vocal consistency of note subtypes, a measure of vocal performance, there was no apparent evidence of social or genetic inheritance, but both age and developmental environment influenced consistency. Overall, we found strong evidence for cultural inheritance of song structure and of the acoustic characteristics of notes sons’ song syntax and note composition were similar to that of their social fathers and were not influenced by genetic relatedness. Six-hundred and seventy-six songs from 73 birds were segmented and classified into notes and note subtypes ( N = 22,972), for which a range of acoustic features were measured. Using archived song data, we examined patterns of song inheritance in a domestic population of Java sparrows ( Lonchura oryzivora), some of which had been cross-fostered. However, relative contributions are well-described only for a few species and are likely to vary with taxonomy. The relative contributions of these factors can have a strong influence on song evolution and may affect important evolutionary processes such as speciation.
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However, other factors, such as genetic inheritance and the developmental environment, can also influence song phenotype. Social learning of vocalizations is integral to song inheritance in oscine passerines. 4Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.Surprisingly Tommy is able to sustain relationships with both women until his death on stage in 1984, a fact which causes sarcastic comments from Miff, his plain-spoken agent, who is not afraid to tell Tommy exactly what he thinks of him.Rebecca N. Soon Tommy is declaring his love for Mary whilst remaining married to Dove, with whom there are violent domestic exchanges.
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Whilst Dove is concerned that his drinking and late nights are damaging to his health and a sign for him to give up, Mary is encouraging - partly as she sees Tommy as being helpful to her husband's writing aspirations. Afraid of loneliness Tommy asks the married stage manager Mary Kay to join him on tour. Mother of his children Tom Junior and Vicky, his wife Gwen - known as Dove - frequently travels with him to his performances but now feels that her place is at home with the children. However behind the public image is a curmudgeonly man who drinks too much. With his trade-mark fez and bumbling stage persona involving clever conjuring tricks which appear to have gone wrong Tommy Cooper is one of Britain's most popular comedians, respected by his peers. This deeply moving portrait of a family called to serve explores the meaning of sacrifice, the need for purpose, and the challenges of being a father, a soldier and a son. Davis's restrained and beautiful cinematography subtly captures moments of raw anguish and unadulterated joy. Catrin Einhorn and Leslye Davis's stunning ethnographic study of American masculinity and generational tragedy follows the Eischs for close to a decade as their intense father-son bond is challenged time and time again. As Brian fights to retain control of himself and his loved ones, fate continues to challenge his belief in justice and self-determination. When Brian is injured and returns home a different man, all three must reconcile with the aftershocks of war. They worship their Dad, Brian Eisch, a decorated, third generation soldier who spends most of their childhood deployed in Afghanistan while other family members care for the boys. Isaac and Joey have a superhero for a father.